{"id":85,"date":"2026-08-08T13:59:50","date_gmt":"2026-08-08T13:59:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/fclgo.com\/blog\/amazon-fba-freight-formulas-dim-chargeable-weight\/"},"modified":"2026-08-08T14:06:38","modified_gmt":"2026-08-08T14:06:38","slug":"amazon-fba-freight-formulas-dim-chargeable-weight","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/fclgo.com\/blog\/amazon-fba-freight-formulas-dim-chargeable-weight\/","title":{"rendered":"FCLGO | Amazon FBA Freight: DIM &#038; Chargeable Weight"},"content":{"rendered":"<h1 id=\"amazon-fba-freight-formulas-dim-and-chargeable-weight\" tabindex=\"-1\">Amazon FBA Freight Formulas: Dim and Chargeable Weight<\/h1>\n<p><strong>If you get freight weight wrong, your shipping quote can jump fast.<\/strong> In most cases, the carrier bills your shipment by the <strong>higher<\/strong> of its scale weight or its space-based weight.<\/p>\n<p>Here\u2019s the short version:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Gross weight<\/strong> = what the shipment weighs on a scale<\/li>\n<li><strong>Volumetric or DIM weight<\/strong> = what the shipment weighs based on size<\/li>\n<li><strong>Chargeable weight<\/strong> = the number the carrier uses to bill you<\/li>\n<li><strong>Air freight<\/strong> often uses <strong>cm \u00f7 6,000<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Express courier<\/strong> often uses <strong>cm \u00f7 5,000<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>Parcel<\/strong> often uses <strong>inches \u00f7 139 or 166<\/strong><\/li>\n<li><strong>LCL ocean<\/strong> often uses <strong>CBM vs. metric tons<\/strong> under the <strong>1 CBM = 1,000 kg<\/strong> rule<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>That means two cartons with the same actual weight can have very different freight costs if one takes up more space. For example, a <strong>500 kg<\/strong> shipment at <strong>$8.50\/kg<\/strong> costs <strong>$4,250<\/strong>. If it holds <strong>1,000 units<\/strong>, freight adds <strong>$4.25 per unit<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"what-is-chargeable-weight-or-how-to-calculate-dimensional-weight-in-shipping-or-sfl-worldwide\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sb h2-sbb-cls\">What Is Chargeable Weight? | How to Calculate Dimensional Weight in Shipping | <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sflworldwide.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">SFL Worldwide<\/a><\/h2>\n<p><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.seobotai.com\/fclgo.com\/6a6b2adc2f6aeb480bfeab04\/fe955d7df4710e8e158e1d81faada90c.jpg\" alt=\"SFL Worldwide\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block;margin:1.5em auto;border-radius:6px;\"><\/p>\n<p><iframe class=\"sb-iframe\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Ox7xjhDTmE4\" frameborder=\"0\" loading=\"lazy\" allowfullscreen style=\"width: 100%; height: auto; aspect-ratio: 16\/9;\"><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 id=\"sbb-itb-f9a91f9\" class=\"sb-banner\" style=\"display: none;color:transparent;\">sbb-itb-f9a91f9<\/h6>\n<h2 id=\"quick-comparison\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sb h2-sbb-cls\">Quick comparison<\/h2>\n<figure>\n        <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/assets.seobotai.com\/undefined\/6a6b2adc2f6aeb480bfeab04-1785409290931.jpg\" alt=\"Freight Weight Formulas by Shipping Mode: Air, Ocean &#038; Parcel\" style=\"max-width:100%;height:auto;display:block;margin:1.5em auto;border-radius:6px;\"><figcaption style=\"font-size: 0.85em; text-align: center; margin: 8px; padding: 0;\">\n<p style=\"margin: 0; padding: 4px;\">Freight Weight Formulas by Shipping Mode: Air, Ocean &amp; Parcel<\/p>\n<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Shipping mode<\/th>\n<th>Main formula<\/th>\n<th>What gets billed<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Air freight<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><code>(L \u00d7 W \u00d7 H in cm) \u00f7 6,000<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Higher of actual kg or volumetric kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Express courier<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><code>(L \u00d7 W \u00d7 H in cm) \u00f7 5,000<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Higher of actual kg or volumetric kg<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Parcel<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><code>(L \u00d7 W \u00d7 H in in) \u00f7 139 or 166<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Higher of actual lb or DIM lb<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>LCL ocean<\/strong><\/td>\n<td><code>CBM<\/code> vs. <code>weight in metric tons<\/code><\/td>\n<td>Higher under W\/M billing<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>I\u2019d keep one rule in mind: <em>measure the packed carton, use the right divisor, and check the billed weight before booking<\/em>. That one step can help you avoid bad quotes, margin mistakes, and invoice surprises.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"the-main-freight-weight-formulas\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sb h2-sbb-cls\">The main freight weight formulas<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"gross-weight-volumetric-weight-dimensional-weight-and-chargeable-weight-defined\" tabindex=\"-1\">Gross weight, volumetric weight, dimensional weight, and chargeable weight defined<\/h3>\n<p><strong>Gross weight<\/strong> is the shipment\u2019s actual scale weight, including packaging.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Volumetric weight<\/strong>, also called <strong>DIM weight<\/strong>, is the billable weight based on how much space the shipment takes up.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Chargeable weight<\/strong> is the weight used to price the shipment. It\u2019s the number that shapes your freight quote and landed cost.<\/p>\n<p>Put simply: carriers charge based on whichever is greater &#8211; the space your shipment uses or its scale weight.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"formulas-for-air-lcl-and-parcel-shipments\" tabindex=\"-1\">Formulas for air, LCL, and parcel shipments<\/h3>\n<p>Different shipping modes use different formulas, which is where things can get a little tricky.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Air freight<\/strong> uses the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.iata.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener noreferrer\">IATA<\/a> standard divisor of 6,000:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>Volumetric weight (kg) = (L \u00d7 W \u00d7 H in cm) \u00f7 6,000<\/em> <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Express couriers<\/strong> often use a stricter divisor of 5,000. That leads to a higher chargeable weight:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>Volumetric weight (kg) = (L \u00d7 W \u00d7 H in cm) \u00f7 5,000<\/em> <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>LCL ocean freight<\/strong> is billed on the greater of actual weight or cubic meters (CBM) \u00d7 1,000 kg:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>Volume (CBM) = L \u00d7 W \u00d7 H in meters<\/em> <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><strong>Parcel and express shipments<\/strong> billed in pounds use a DIM divisor based on cubic inches. Use the carrier\u2019s DIM divisor. Common values are 139 for international parcels and 166 for U.S. parcels:<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p><em>DIM weight (lb) = (L \u00d7 W \u00d7 H in inches) \u00f7 139 or 166<\/em> <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p>One small detail can change the whole quote: the divisor. That\u2019s why it\u2019s smart to confirm the exact one with your carrier before quoting, especially if your account uses custom factors.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"metric-and-imperial-conversion-shortcuts\" tabindex=\"-1\">Metric and imperial conversion shortcuts<\/h3>\n<p>If you want to compare quotes cleanly, get everything into the same unit first. Otherwise, you\u2019re comparing apples to oranges.<\/p>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>To Convert<\/th>\n<th>To<\/th>\n<th>Multiply By<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td>Inches (in)<\/td>\n<td>Centimeters (cm)<\/td>\n<td>2.54<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Centimeters (cm)<\/td>\n<td>Inches (in)<\/td>\n<td>0.3937<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Pounds (lb)<\/td>\n<td>Kilograms (kg)<\/td>\n<td>0.4536<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Kilograms (kg)<\/td>\n<td>Pounds (lb)<\/td>\n<td>2.2046<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td>Cubic Meters (CBM)<\/td>\n<td>Cubic Feet (ft\u00b3)<\/td>\n<td>35.3147<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<p>Carriers also round dimensions and weight up to the next billing increment. <\/p>\n<p>Once the units match, the next move is to calculate chargeable weight for each shipment.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"how-to-calculate-chargeable-weight-step-by-step\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sb h2-sbb-cls\">How to calculate chargeable weight, step by step<\/h2>\n<p>Now let\u2019s put the formulas to work for each shipment type, <strong>one carton at a time<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"air-freight-compare-actual-kg-vs-volumetric-kg\" tabindex=\"-1\">Air freight: compare actual kg vs. volumetric kg<\/h3>\n<p>Start with the packed dimensions and the actual scale weight for each carton. Use the <strong>finished shipping box<\/strong>, not the product\u2019s own dimensions.<\/p>\n<p>For each carton, multiply <strong>length \u00d7 width \u00d7 height<\/strong> in centimeters, then divide by <strong>6,000<\/strong> to get volumetric weight in kilograms. Work out each carton, add them up for the full shipment, and then compare that number with the total gross weight. The higher total is your chargeable weight. <\/p>\n<p>Carriers may round dimensions and weight up to billing increments, so even small gaps can change the quote. <\/p>\n<h3 id=\"lcl-ocean-freight-calculate-cbm-and-check-shipment-volume-to-weight-balance\" tabindex=\"-1\">LCL ocean freight: calculate CBM and check shipment volume-to-weight balance<\/h3>\n<p>For ocean LCL, the focus shifts from carton weight to the shipment\u2019s total volume.<\/p>\n<p>LCL is billed by the billable ton under the <strong>W\/M rule<\/strong>: either <strong>1 CBM<\/strong> or <strong>1,000 kg<\/strong>, whichever is greater. <\/p>\n<p>To find total CBM, multiply <strong>length \u00d7 width \u00d7 height<\/strong> in centimeters, then divide by <strong>1,000,000<\/strong> to get CBM for each carton. Then multiply that figure by the carton count. After that, convert total gross weight into metric tons by dividing by <strong>1,000<\/strong>. Compare the total CBM with the total weight in metric tons. Whichever number is higher controls billing. <\/p>\n<h3 id=\"parcel-and-express-use-inches-pounds-and-the-dim-divisor\" tabindex=\"-1\">Parcel and express: use inches, pounds, and the DIM divisor<\/h3>\n<p>For parcel and express shipments, use the sealed carton\u2019s <strong>outside dimensions<\/strong> in inches, including any bulges. Multiply <strong>length \u00d7 width \u00d7 height<\/strong>, then divide by your carrier\u2019s <strong>DIM divisor<\/strong> to get dimensional weight in pounds. <\/p>\n<p>Then compare the dimensional weight with the actual scale weight in pounds. The higher number becomes your chargeable weight. <\/p>\n<p>Measure the sealed carton, not a loose estimate. Scanners can pick up bulges or uneven sides that manual measuring can miss. <\/p>\n<h2 id=\"applying-freight-formulas-to-landed-cost-planning\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sb h2-sbb-cls\">Applying freight formulas to landed cost planning<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"convert-chargeable-weight-into-freight-cost-per-unit\" tabindex=\"-1\">Convert chargeable weight into freight cost per unit<\/h3>\n<p>Once you know the chargeable weight, the math is simple: multiply it by the rate, then divide by the number of sellable units in the shipment to get freight cost per unit.<\/p>\n<p>Here\u2019s the dollar version. A 500 kg shipment at $8.50\/kg costs <strong>$4,250<\/strong>. If that shipment contains 1,000 units, freight adds <strong>$4.25 per unit<\/strong>. That\u2019s the number that tells you if the shipment still works with your margin.<\/p>\n<p>Same formula, different shipping mode, very different outcome. That\u2019s where many sellers get tripped up.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"comparison-table-air-freight-lcl-and-parcel-shipments\" tabindex=\"-1\">Comparison table: air freight, LCL, and parcel shipments<\/h3>\n<table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th>Shipping Mode<\/th>\n<th>Input Units<\/th>\n<th>Chargeable Basis<\/th>\n<th>Landed Cost Effect<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Air Freight<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>cm \/ kg<\/td>\n<td>Higher of actual vs. volumetric<\/td>\n<td>High; reduces margins<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Express Parcel<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>cm \/ kg<\/td>\n<td>Higher of actual vs. volumetric<\/td>\n<td>Very high; use for samples or urgent cargo<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>LCL Ocean<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>m \/ CBM<\/td>\n<td>Higher of CBM vs. weight tons<\/td>\n<td>Low to mid; best for planned restocks<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<tr>\n<td><strong>Parcel<\/strong><\/td>\n<td>inches \/ lbs<\/td>\n<td>Higher of actual vs. DIM weight<\/td>\n<td>Moderate; applies to final-mile delivery<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n<h3 id=\"common-mistakes-that-lead-to-billing-surprises\" tabindex=\"-1\">Common mistakes that lead to billing surprises<\/h3>\n<p>Even the right formula falls apart when the inputs are off.<\/p>\n<p>A common problem is mixing metric and imperial units. That can turn a normal quote into junk fast. Another big one is using <strong>product dimensions instead of packed carton dimensions<\/strong>. Freight carriers bill the shipment you send, not the item sitting by itself. The box, padding, and void fill all add volume. So a carton that looked fine in a spreadsheet can end up billed by DIM weight once the packed dimensions are used.<\/p>\n<p>Rounding adds another layer. Carriers round up dimensions and weight, which means small changes can bump up billable weight fast. In some cases, a slightly larger master carton is enough to push a shipment from actual-weight pricing into DIM pricing without any obvious warning.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"when-to-have-a-freight-forwarder-check-your-numbers\" tabindex=\"-1\">When to have a freight forwarder check your numbers<\/h3>\n<p>Some shipments are worth a second set of eyes before you book.<\/p>\n<p>Have a freight forwarder review mixed-carton, palletized, or first-time LCL shipments before booking. <a href=\"https:\/\/fclgo.com\">FCLGO<\/a> works with Amazon FBA sellers shipping from China to the USA and can review carton dimensions, actual and volumetric weights, and ocean or air routing options before you commit to a booking.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"conclusion-get-the-weight-formula-right-before-you-ship\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sb h2-sbb-cls\">Conclusion: Get the weight formula right before you ship<\/h2>\n<p>In practice, freight quotes come down to <strong>three numbers<\/strong>: <strong>gross weight<\/strong>, <strong>dimensional\/volumetric weight<\/strong> (the space a shipment uses, turned into billable weight), and <strong>chargeable weight<\/strong>. The carrier charges you based on the highest of the three.<\/p>\n<p>The simplest way to avoid quote mistakes is to measure <strong>packed carton dimensions<\/strong>, not product dimensions, use the right divisor for your shipping mode, and keep your unit conversions consistent. If chargeable weight is off, landed cost is off too. And for volume-based cargo, looking at actual weight by itself can make landed cost look lower than it is.<\/p>\n<p>Small mistakes add up fast. A carrier\u2019s rounding rule, the wrong divisor, or a carton that\u2019s just a bit too large can move a shipment into dimensional-weight pricing with no clear warning. The fix is pretty simple: use the right formula for the right mode, enter packed dimensions, and check chargeable weight before booking.<\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/fclgo.com\">FCLGO<\/a> can review your carton dimensions, gross weight, and shipment details before booking.<\/p>\n<h2 id=\"faqs\" tabindex=\"-1\" class=\"sb h2-sbb-cls\">FAQs<\/h2>\n<h3 id=\"when-does-dim-weight-matter-most\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-faq-q>When does DIM weight matter most?<\/h3>\n<p>DIM weight matters most for bulky, low-density cargo that takes up a lot of room compared with what it <em>actually<\/em> weighs.<\/p>\n<p>Here\u2019s the part that trips people up: shipping carriers charge based on the higher of the actual weight or the DIM weight. So if the DIM number comes out higher, your shipping cost goes up with it.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s why sellers often get blindsided when they estimate freight costs using only product weight. A shipment can feel light on paper but still cost more because of the space it takes up.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"do-carriers-round-up-dimensions-and-weight\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-faq-q>Do carriers round up dimensions and weight?<\/h3>\n<p>Yes. Carriers often round up measurements when they calculate <strong>billable weight<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In many cases, fractional dimensions get rounded up to the nearest inch before dimensional weight is worked out. Then the final billable weight is often rounded up again to the nearest pound.<\/p>\n<p>That might sound minor. But across an entire shipment, those small bumps can stack up fast. That&#8217;s why accurate carton dimensions and gross weights matter when you request a freight quote.<\/p>\n<h3 id=\"how-do-i-estimate-freight-cost-per-unit\" tabindex=\"-1\" data-faq-q>How do I estimate freight cost per unit?<\/h3>\n<p>First, figure out your shipment\u2019s <strong>chargeable weight<\/strong> or volume.<\/p>\n<p>That means you need to calculate <strong>both<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the actual weight<\/li>\n<li>the volumetric (<em>dimensional<\/em>) weight<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Then use <strong>whichever number is higher<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>For LCL ocean freight, the rule is a little different. Compare <strong>CBM<\/strong> with weight in <strong>metric tons<\/strong> under the <strong>W\/M<\/strong> system.<\/p>\n<p>Once you have the total shipping quote, divide that amount by the total number of units. That gives you the <strong>per-unit freight cost<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p><script async type=\"text\/javascript\" src=\"https:\/\/app.seobotai.com\/banner\/banner.js?id=6a6b2adc2f6aeb480bfeab04\"><\/script><script type=\"application\/ld+json\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@type\":\"FAQPage\",\"mainEntity\":[{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"When does DIM weight matter most?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<\/p>\n<p>DIM weight matters most for bulky, low-density cargo that takes up a lot of room compared with what it <em>actually<\/em> weighs.<\/p>\n<p>Here\u2019s the part that trips people up: shipping carriers charge based on the higher of the actual weight or the DIM weight. So if the DIM number comes out higher, your shipping cost goes up with it.<\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s why sellers often get blindsided when they estimate freight costs using only product weight. A shipment can feel light on paper but still cost more because of the space it takes up.<\/p>\n<p>\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"Do carriers round up dimensions and weight?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<\/p>\n<p>Yes. Carriers often round up measurements when they calculate <strong>billable weight<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>In many cases, fractional dimensions get rounded up to the nearest inch before dimensional weight is worked out. Then the final billable weight is often rounded up again to the nearest pound.<\/p>\n<p>That might sound minor. But across an entire shipment, those small bumps can stack up fast. That's why accurate carton dimensions and gross weights matter when you request a freight quote.<\/p>\n<p>\"}},{\"@type\":\"Question\",\"name\":\"How do I estimate freight cost per unit?\",\"acceptedAnswer\":{\"@type\":\"Answer\",\"text\":\"<\/p>\n<p>First, figure out your shipment\u2019s <strong>chargeable weight<\/strong> or volume.<\/p>\n<p>That means you need to calculate <strong>both<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the actual weight<\/li>\n<li>the volumetric (<em>dimensional<\/em>) weight<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Then use <strong>whichever number is higher<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>For LCL ocean freight, the rule is a little different. Compare <strong>CBM<\/strong> with weight in <strong>metric tons<\/strong> under the <strong>W\/M<\/strong> system.<\/p>\n<p>Once you have the total shipping quote, divide that amount by the total number of units. That gives you the <strong>per-unit freight cost<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>\"}}]}<\/script><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Amazon FBA Freight Formulas: Dim and Chargeable Weight  [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-85","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fclgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/85","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fclgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fclgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fclgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fclgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=85"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/fclgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/85\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":94,"href":"https:\/\/fclgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/85\/revisions\/94"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fclgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=85"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fclgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=85"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fclgo.com\/blog\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=85"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}